Pseudotsuga menziesii ((Mirb.) Franco) in Portugal: A Review of Species Characteristics, Silviculture, and Management

Abstract

Pseudotsuga menziesii ((Mirb.) Franco), known as Douglas fir, is a prominent conifer species native to North America. It is known for its adaptability, rapid growth, and high-quality wood. It was introduced to Europe in the nineteenth century and is currently the most abundant non-native tree species cultivated in Central European forests. In Portugal, the species was initially cultivated as an ornamental plant and used for experimental purposes. However, its notable qualities, particularly its high volume production, have garnered significant interest. This has led to the implementation of reforestation programs, which expanded the forested areas by the late twentieth century. This study aims to review the state-of-the-art on the species, with a focus on forest stands outside its natural distribution area, specifically in Portugal. The authors present information on the species’ traits, growth dynamics, silviculture and management, available models to support its management, and wood properties. The main specific areas covered are: (i) the botanical and ecological characteristics of the species, including its distribution, genetic diversity, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses; (ii) silvicultural practices and management strategies adapted to the species in Portugal, along with an overview of models and decision support tools; and (iii) characteristics of wood, covering its biometry, physical and mechanical properties.