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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21142
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Title: | Functional Diversity of Mycorrhiza and Sustainable Agriculture - Management to Overcome Biotic and Abiotic Stresses |
Authors: | Goss, M.J. Carvalho, Mário Brito, Isabel |
Keywords: | Cropping system soil AMF abundance and diversity tillage crop diversification fertilizers pesticides |
Issue Date: | Jun-2017 |
Publisher: | Academic press |
Citation: | Goss M.J., Carvalho M., Brito I. (2017) Agronomic Opportunities to Modify Cropping Systems and Soil Conditions Considered Supportive of an Abundant, Diverse AMF Population. In: Functional Diversity of Mycorrhiza and Sustainable Agriculture - Management to Overcome Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Academic Press pp 15-38 |
Abstract: | There is a great functional diversity within and between different species of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in terms of the benefits they may confer
to host plants, such as the acquisition of nutrients or protection from biotic
and abiotic stresses. It is critical to understand how the various practices
available for use within production systems, particularly those compatible
with the sustainable intensification of agriculture, impact AMF, and their
diversity. In commercial crop production farmers need to prepare the land
for seeding, protect the developing and maturing plants from pests and diseases,
provide a suitable supply of nutrients and water, and ensure a timely
harvest. Tillage systems vary greatly in the extent of their disturbance of soil
in terms of the depth and fragmentation, affecting AMF abundance and
diversity. In contrast to inversion tillage, the AMF colonization rate of crops
under no-till starts earlier and develops faster due to the presence in the soil
of an intact extraradical mycelium, which enhances the role of AMF in the
uptake of nutrients and the protection against stresses. Rational use of
applied nutrients, supplied either through the application of organic amendments
or inorganic fertilizers, which is essential to maintain soil productivity,
is compatible with maintaining an abundant and diverse AMF population,
especially in association with no-till systems. Crop rotation has been the traditional
approach to ensure that neither pests nor diseases of a particular
crop build up to epidemic proportions in the soil or field environment. There
is a relationship between the diversity of plant material above ground and
the AMF present below the soil surface. Reducing soil disturbance by tillage,
adding organic amendments, keeping harvest residues and use of cover crops
all help to increase soil organic matter, which in turn plays an important role
in reducing application of mineral fertilizer and the need for herbicides. By
employing cropping practices that achieve these goals, it might be possible
to improve AMF diversity to levels identical to that in natural ecosystems.
There is an urgent need to use the new generation of molecular tools for the
evaluation of effects of cropping systems on biodiversity of AMF associated
with field crops, especially for AMF from different functional groups. |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21142 |
Type: | bookPart |
Appears in Collections: | FIT - Publicações - Capítulos de Livros
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